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Related Concept Videos

Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
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Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell01:06

Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell

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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Unrenewable Cells00:50

Unrenewable Cells

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In humans, the photoreceptor cells of the eye and sensory hair cells of the ear lack stem cells. These cells are thus unrenewable and cannot be replaced when they are damaged or destroyed.
Photoreceptors
The retina is composed of several layers and contains specialized cells called photoreceptors. The photoreceptors (rods and cones) change their membrane potential when stimulated by light energy. There are two types of photoreceptors—rods and cones—which differ in the shape of...
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Induction and Validation of Cellular Senescence in Primary Human Cells
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Senescence-Like Phenotypes in Human Nevi.

Andrew Joselow1,2,3, Darren Lynn1,2, Tamara Terzian1,2

  • 1Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 5, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a tumor suppression mechanism. This review details OIS markers and protocols for identifying senescence in skin nevi and melanoma.

Keywords:
BRAFCancerDNA damageGalactosidaseImmunofluorescenceMelanomaNevusOncogeneProtocolSenescencep16INK4Ap53

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Oncology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Cellular senescence is a cell cycle arrest that acts as a tumor suppressor mechanism.
  • Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is crucial for preventing the proliferation of cells with oncogenic mutations.
  • OIS triggers distinct cellular and molecular changes, including senescence-associated β-Galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity and alterations in tumor suppressor genes like p53 and p16INK4A.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review known markers of cellular senescence.
  • To provide experimental protocols for identifying OIS in melanocytic nevi and melanoma.
  • To stimulate further research into the in vivo role of OIS in these skin conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established senescence markers.
  • Description of immunofluorescent staining techniques for senescence identification.
  • Focus on application in melanocytic nevi and melanoma tissues.

Main Results:

  • Senescence-associated β-Galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity is a key hallmark.
  • Morphological changes (e.g., increased size, flattening, multinucleation) are characteristic.
  • p53 and p16INK4A are implicated in OIS initiation and maintenance.

Conclusions:

  • OIS is a vital tumor suppression pathway.
  • The role of OIS in melanocytic nevi and melanoma requires further investigation.
  • Standardized protocols for senescence marker identification are essential for advancing research in skin oncology.