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Internal Receptors01:31

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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial.
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The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules or entities in the system. The kinetic energy of an individual molecule includes contributions due to its rotation and vibration, as well as its translational energy. The potential energy is associated only with the interactions between one molecule and the other molecules of the system. Neither the system's location nor its motion is of any consequence as far as the internal...
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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
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The International System of Units, known as the SI system, is a universally accepted measurement system recognized and used worldwide. The SI system is based on a set of three base units considered absolute, and their values do not change with location. These base units are meters, kilograms, and seconds.
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Newton's first law states that a net external force causes a change in motion. External forces act on an object or system, originating outside of the object or system. In contrast, internal forces originate inside the system of interest and do not lead to any acceleration. In simpler words, internal forces are forces that act on one part of an object and are exerted by another part of the same object. External forces are forces that act on an object due to some other object. Therefore, when...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells
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The triennial International Pigment Cell Conference (IPCC).

Neil F Box1, Lionel Larue2, Prashiela Manga3

  • 1Department of Dermatology and Epidemiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA. neil.box@ucdenver.edu.

Journal of Translational Medicine
|October 5, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The International Pigment Cell Conference (IPCC) fostered collaboration in melanocyte biology and melanoma research. It highlighted advances in treatment and basic science, ensuring a sustainable future for the research community.

Keywords:
AlbinismBRAFCPDCancer preventionColorConferenceDermatologyICBIFPCSIPCCImmunotherapyMAPKMelaninMelanocyteMelanomaMelasmaOncologyPigmentPigmentationPrecision medicineSkinTranslational medicineUVVitiligo

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Area of Science:

  • Melanocyte biology and disease research.
  • Dermatological disorders and melanoma.
  • Pigment cell biology and its applications.

Background:

  • The International Federation of Pigment Cell Societies (IFPCS) convened the XXIII International Pigment Cell Conference (IPCC) in 2017.
  • The conference aimed to foster scientific exchange among basic and clinical researchers in pigment cell biology and melanoma.
  • The meeting focused on "Breakthroughs in Pigment Cell and Melanoma Research" to build academic bridges.

Framework:

  • The IFPCS and IPCC provide a sustainable international forum for pigment cell and melanoma research.
  • The framework supports identifying critical needs in laboratory research and clinical care.
  • It ensures the continued growth of a diverse and unique research community.

Implementation:

  • The conference agenda covered diverse research frontiers, including melanoma immunotherapy, oncology, dermatology, vitiligo, and albinism.
  • Advances in genomics, systems biology, and precision medicine were showcased.
  • The meeting also explored pigment biophysics, chemistry, and evolutionary aspects.

Implications:

  • Progress in understanding pigment cell homeostasis and melanoma treatment drives future research.
  • The conference outcomes are expected to advance both clinical and basic research in dermatology and melanoma.
  • This report provides historical context and highlights key achievements within the field.