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The Role for Osmotic Agents in Children with Acute Encephalopathies: A Systematic Review
Samson Gwer1, Hellen Gatakaa, Leah Mwai
11. Joanna Briggs Institute, Evidence Synthesis Group, Kenya Chapter 2. Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Programme, Kenya 3. The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kenya 4. University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK 5. Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda 6. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK 7. Department of Neurosciences, Child Health Institute, University of London, UK.
Insights
Hypertonic saline effectively reduces intracranial pressure (ICP) in children with acute encephalopathies, potentially improving outcomes. Further research is needed to optimize its use and that of other osmotic agents.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Neurology
- Critical Care Medicine
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) is a critical concern in pediatric acute encephalopathies, potentially leading to severe neurological damage or death.
- Osmotic agents are standard treatments for elevated ICP, but their application in children often relies on adult-derived evidence.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review the evidence on the efficacy of various osmotic agents in reducing ICP in children with acute encephalopathies.
- To assess the impact of these agents on coma resolution, neurological sequelae, and mortality.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases for studies published between 1966 and 2008.
- Included studies focused on children (0-16 years) with acute encephalopathies treated with osmotic agents.
- Analysis encompassed randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case reports.
Main Results:
- Hypertonic saline demonstrated superior ICP reduction compared to mannitol, normal saline, and Ringer's lactate, especially with continuous infusion.
- Oral glycerol was linked to reduced mortality and neurological sequelae in pediatric bacterial meningitis.
- Hypertonic saline showed a survival benefit over mannitol in non-traumatic encephalopathies.
Conclusions:
- While all agents reduced ICP, sustained reduction requires further investigation into administration methods.
- Hypertonic saline may enhance cerebral perfusion pressure, a key factor in patient outcomes.
- Current evidence is insufficient to alter clinical practice, necessitating more research on optimal agent concentrations, routes, and rates.
Background:
Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) is a common complication in children with acute encephalopathies. It compromises cerebral perfusion leading to ischaemia and may cause death when the brainstem is compressed during trans-tentorial herniation. Osmotic agents are widely used to control raised ICP. Their use in children is mainly guided by studies in adults.
Objective:
We carried out this review to determine the best available evidence of the effectiveness of various osmotic agents and their effect on resolution of coma and outcome (neurological sequelae and mortality) in children with acute encephalopathies.
Selection Criteria:
We searched literature published between January 1966 and January 2008 on the use of osmotic agents in children aged between 0 and 16 years with acute encephalopathies.
Search Strategy:
We searched Medline, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and other databases for both published and unpublished literature.
Results:
We identified four randomized controlled trials (RCTs), three prospective observational studies, two retrospective studies and one case report. The use of hypertonic saline appeared to achieve greater reduction in ICP compared to mannitol, normal saline and ringer's lactate. This effect was sustained when it was given as a continuous infusion. Boluses of glycerol and mannitol achieved transient reduction in ICP. Use of repeated doses of oral glycerol was associated with lower mortality and neurological sequelae when compared to placebo in children with acute bacterial meningitis. Hypertonic saline was associated with lower mortality when compared to mannitol in children with non-traumatic encephalopathies.
Discussion:
All agents resulted in reduction of ICP, albeit transient in a number of occasions. A sustained reduction in ICP is desirable and could be achieved by modifying the modes and rates of administration, factors that need further investigation. Hypertonic saline appears to boost cerebral perfusion pressure, an important determinant of outcome in acute encephalopathies.
Conclusion:
Hypertonic saline appears to achieve greater reduction in ICP than other osmotic agents. Oral glycerol seems to improve outcome among children with acute bacterial meningitis. However, the evidence is not sufficient to guide change of practice. More studies are needed to examine the safest and most efficacious concentrations of the various agents and the most effective routes and rates of administration of these agents.
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