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Related Concept Videos

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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
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Microtubules are thick hollow cylindrical proteins that help form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules have varied roles in the cell. These filaments help form cellular appendages like cilia and flagella, which are responsible for locomotion. The cilia arise from basal bodies, separated from the main body by a membrane-like structure forming the transition zone. This zone is the gate for the entry of lipids and proteins, creating a unique composition of lipids and proteins in the ciliary membrane and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Analysis of Gene Function and Visualization of Cilia-Generated Fluid Flow in Kupffer's Vesicle
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Cilia in vertebrate left-right patterning.

Agnik Dasgupta1, Jeffrey D Amack2

  • 1Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|November 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cilia generate left-right asymmetry in vertebrate embryos by creating fluid flows that direct signaling pathways. New evidence suggests cells may acquire positional information before cilia develop.

Keywords:
birth defectsfluid flow dynamicsleft–right asymmetrymechanosensory ciliamotile cilia

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Cell biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Left-right (LR) asymmetry is crucial for vertebrate organ development.
  • Defects in LR asymmetry lead to congenital birth defects, particularly in cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems.
  • Cilia are implicated in establishing LR asymmetry, with evidence from human patients and animal models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the proposed functions of cilia in establishing LR asymmetry.
  • To discuss mechanisms translating cilia-generated fluid flows into molecular signals.
  • To explore factors controlling cilia function and cellular architecture in the left-right organizer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cilia and LR asymmetry.
  • Discussion of hypotheses for cilia function in patterning.
  • Presentation of new evidence from zebrafish embryo studies using mosaic cell-labelling and time-lapse imaging.

Main Results:

  • Cilia create leftward fluid flows in the embryonic left-right organizer.
  • These flows activate the Nodal (TGFβ) signaling pathway, guiding organ morphogenesis.
  • New data indicate precursor cells maintain relative positions before cilia formation, suggesting pre-cilia positional information acquisition.

Conclusions:

  • Cilia play a critical role in establishing LR asymmetry through fluid dynamics and signaling pathway activation.
  • Subcellular cilia positioning and organizer architecture are vital for effective cilia function.
  • The findings suggest a potential pre-cilia mechanism for acquiring left-right positional information in developing embryos.