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Related Concept Videos

Spontaneity02:21

Spontaneity

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A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to...
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First Law: Particles in One-dimensional Equilibrium01:10

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Newton's first law of motion states that a body at rest remains at rest, or if in motion, remains in motion at constant velocity, unless acted on by a net external force. It also states that there must be a cause for any change in velocity (a change in either magnitude or direction) to occur. This cause is a net external force. For example, consider what happens to an object sliding along a rough horizontal surface. The object quickly grinds to a halt, due to the net force of friction. If...
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First Law: Particles in Two-dimensional Equilibrium01:18

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Recall that a particle in equilibrium is one for which the external forces are balanced. Static equilibrium involves objects at rest, and dynamic equilibrium involves objects in motion without acceleration; but it is important to remember that these conditions are relative. For instance, an object may be at rest when viewed from one frame of reference, but that same object would appear to be in motion when viewed by someone moving at a constant velocity.
Newton's first law tells us about...
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Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Energetics of Solution Formation02:35

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Formation of the solution requires the solute–solute and solvent–solvent...
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Functionalization of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes with Thermo-reversible Block Copolymers and Characterization by Small-angle Neutron Scattering
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Structure-conserving spontaneous transformations between nanoparticles.

K R Krishnadas1, Ananya Baksi1, Atanu Ghosh1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.

Nature Communications
|November 11, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Archetypal silver-25 (Ag25(SR)18) and gold-25 (Au25(SR)18) nanoparticles undergo ambient chemical reactions, forming tunable alloys while preserving their core structure and topology. This demonstrates a novel method for transforming nanoparticles into different chemical compositions.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Silver-25 (Ag25(SR)18) and gold-25 (Au25(SR)18) nanoparticles are geometrically robust and electronically stable clusters.
  • Understanding nanoparticle transformations is crucial for developing new materials and catalytic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate ambient, structure-preserving chemical reactions between Ag25(SR)18 and Au25(SR)18 nanoparticles.
  • To demonstrate the controlled synthesis of silver-gold alloy nanoparticles with tunable compositions.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of metal atom exchange in these nanoparticle systems.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of Ag25(SR)18 and Au25(SR)18 nanoparticles.
  • Solution-phase reactions to form silver-gold alloys (AgmAun(SR)18).
  • Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to capture reaction intermediates.
  • Molecular docking simulations and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to study reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Ambient reactions between Ag25(SR)18 and Au25(SR)18 yield AgmAun(SR)18 alloys, maintaining the M25(SR)18 composition, structure, and topology.
  • Arbitrary alloy compositions can be achieved by controlling reactant ratios.
  • The dianionic adduct, (Ag25Au25(SR)36)2-, was identified as an early reaction intermediate.
  • DFT calculations confirmed the thermodynamic feasibility of metal atom exchange via adduct formation.

Conclusions:

  • Isomorphous transformations of nanoparticles are possible, allowing complete chemical modification while preserving structure.
  • This work provides a pathway for precisely engineering nanoparticle composition and properties.
  • The findings have implications for the design of novel nanomaterials with tailored functionalities.