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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology
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Neural substrates of sublexical processing for spelling.

Andrew T DeMarco1, Stephen M Wilson2, Kindle Rising1

  • 1University of Arizona, United States.

Brain and Language
|November 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study used fMRI to map brain activity during spelling. It found that spelling both real words and made-up words activates specific brain networks, with nonwords engaging additional attention and control areas.

Keywords:
Phonological agraphiaPhonological processingSpellingSublexical processingWritingfMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Psycholinguistics

Background:

  • Sublexical phoneme-grapheme conversion is crucial for spelling.
  • Understanding the neural basis of this process is key to explaining reading and spelling disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying sublexical phoneme-grapheme conversion during spelling.
  • To differentiate brain activation patterns for spelling real words versus nonwords.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed in healthy young adults.
  • Participants completed a writing-to-dictation task involving irregular words and plausible nonwords.
  • A control task involved drawing familiar geometric shapes.

Main Results:

  • Spelling irregular words and nonwords activated a left-hemisphere perisylvian network.
  • Spelling nonwords, compared to irregular words, showed increased activation in anterior perisylvian regions and left ventral occipito-temporal cortex.
  • Nonword spelling also engaged domain-general frontoparietal networks associated with attention and executive control.

Conclusions:

  • The findings elucidate the neural substrates of sublexical processing in written language production.
  • This research complements studies on phonological agraphia by highlighting the brain networks involved in spelling novel words.