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Updated: Mar 12, 2026

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
Published on: April 23, 2019
Precision Medicine in Toxicology
Daniel A Schwarz1, M P George2, Martin H Bluth3
1The Center for Pain Recovery, 18444 West 10 Mile Road, Suite 102, Southfield, MI 48075, USA.
Abstract:
Precision medicine applies primarily to pharmacokinetics in toxicology. Mastering hepatic metabolism through an understanding of the genetics behind Phase I, or oxidation/reduction and some Phase II, or conjugation, enhances the scientific and clinical application of common drug toxicology. This review includes basic hepatic metabolism, the common substrates, inducers and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 along with genetic variants behind the enzymes. Detailed metabolism of commonly measured opioids in clinical practice is provided. Finally, evidence based research and clinical correlations conclude that knowledge of inducers and inhibitors, in conjunction with genetic variations, are integral components for applied precision medicine in toxicology.
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