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Related Concept Videos

Determination01:51

Determination

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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Cholinergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:23

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Cholinergic neurotransmission involves the synthesis and the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in order to transmit nerve impulses across the synapse. The process begins with the synthesis of acetyl CoA, a precursor for ACh, from ATP, acetate, and coenzyme A in the mitochondria. Choline, another vital precursor, is transported inside the neuron through choline transporters, including high-affinity choline transporter CHT1, low-affinity choline transporter CTL1, and lower-affinity choline...
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Developmental specification of forebrain cholinergic neurons.

Kathryn C Allaway1, Robert Machold1

  • 1NYU Neuroscience Institute and the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Smilow Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.

Developmental Biology
|November 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The development of forebrain cholinergic neurons, crucial for cognition and motor control, is complex. This review details transcription factors and signaling molecules involved in their early specification and differentiation.

Keywords:
Basal forebrainCholinergicNucleus basalisProjection neuronsStriatal interneurons

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cellular Neuroscience

Background:

  • Forebrain cholinergic system (striatal interneurons and basal forebrain projection neurons) regulates key cognitive and motor functions.
  • These neurons are implicated in neurocognitive disorders, yet their embryonic development is not fully understood.
  • Cholinergic neurons originate from the embryonic ventral telencephalon, sharing origins with GABAergic neurons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review known transcription factors and signaling molecules in the specification of forebrain cholinergic neurons.
  • To discuss the differentiation and heterogeneity within cholinergic interneuron and projection neuron populations.
  • To explore the developmental origins of cellular diversity within these neuronal classes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current knowledge on cholinergic neuron development.
  • Analysis of transcription factors and signaling pathways implicated in neuronal fate specification.
  • Discussion of developmental mechanisms underlying cellular heterogeneity.

Main Results:

  • Key intrinsic and extrinsic factors promoting a cholinergic fate have been identified.
  • Understanding of how cholinergic interneurons and projection neurons diverge developmentally remains incomplete.
  • Distinct developmental programs likely contribute to heterogeneity within these neuronal populations.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in identifying factors specifying cholinergic neuronal fate.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the differentiation pathways and origins of heterogeneity.
  • A comprehensive understanding of forebrain cholinergic neuron development is crucial for addressing neurocognitive disorders.