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Related Concept Videos

Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection and Synovial Fluid Lavage in a Rodent Model to Study Joint Inflammation and Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis
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Joint arthropathy at the cranio-vertebral junction. Scintigraphic patterns on bone SPECT/CT.

Vittorio M Russo1, Anneli Duits1, Ranju T Dhawan2

  • 1a Department of Neurosurgery , The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London , UK.

British Journal of Neurosurgery
|November 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Bone SPECT/CT imaging reveals specific patterns of osteoblastic activity in the cranio-vertebral junction (CVJ) for patients experiencing neck pain and headaches. This advanced imaging helps pinpoint arthritic changes, improving diagnosis and treatment strategies for CVJ joint arthropathy.

Keywords:
SPECT/CTcranio-vertebral junctionneck painosteoarthritissuboccipital pain

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Automated Joint Space Detection Improves Bone Segmentation Accuracy
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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Radiology
  • Orthopedics
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis at the cranio-vertebral junction (CVJ) is a frequent cause of suboccipital and neck pain, headaches, and reduced mobility.
  • Accurate correlation between radiographic findings and clinical symptoms in CVJ osteoarthritis can be challenging.
  • Limited evidence exists regarding the utility of bone single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) for evaluating CVJ arthropathy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the scintigraphic patterns of joint arthropathy at the CVJ using bone SPECT/CT.
  • To correlate these patterns with clinical symptoms of suboccipital/neck pain and cervicogenic headache.
  • To assess the potential of bone SPECT/CT in diagnosing and guiding treatment for CVJ osteoarthritis.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 18 patients with over 3 months of suboccipital/neck pain/cervicogenic headache and abnormal CVJ bone SPECT/CT findings.
  • Exclusion of patients with malignancy, trauma, infection, or prior CVJ surgery.
  • Recording of Neck Disability Index (NDI), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores, and treatment details; description of osteoblastic activity patterns on SPECT/CT and correlation with CT-based degenerative changes.

Main Results:

  • Bone SPECT/CT identified specific patterns of osteoblastic activity at various CVJ joints, most commonly unilaterally at the atlanto-axial joint (AAJ) in 13 patients.
  • Other affected joints included the atlanto-dental joint (ADJ), occipito-atlantal joint (OAJ), and C2 pars/pedicle.
  • Increased metabolic activity on SPECT/CT correlated with severe degenerative changes observed on conventional CT scans.

Conclusions:

  • Bone SPECT/CT effectively localizes osteoblastic activity at the CVJ, offering potential for improved diagnosis of suboccipital/neck pain and cervicogenic headaches.
  • The hybrid imaging modality may enhance the understanding and management of joint arthropathy at the CVJ.
  • Further clinical studies are warranted to confirm the impact of bone SPECT/CT on patient treatment outcomes for CVJ-related pain.