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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Assessing the Development of Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Peyer's Patches Using Adoptive Transfer of Hematopoietic Progenitors
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Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in autoimmunity.

Santosh K Panda1, Roland Kolbeck1, Miguel A Sanjuan1

  • 1Dept of Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.

Current Opinion in Immunology
|November 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are key immune cells producing type I interferons. Uncontrolled pDC activation, including by IgE autoantibodies in lupus, drives autoimmune diseases, with new therapies targeting pDCs and interferons in development.

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Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting for Purification of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells from the Mouse Bone Marrow
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity
  • Infectious Disease

Background:

  • Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are crucial for innate and adaptive immunity, producing type I interferons upon recognizing nucleic acids.
  • Their interferon production is vital for antiviral responses but can initiate self-directed immunity when autoantibodies bind nuclear antigens.
  • Aberrant pDC activation is implicated in various autoimmune disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss mechanisms of broken tolerance to self-nucleic acids by pDCs.
  • To highlight the emerging role of IgE autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  • To summarize current clinical trials for therapies targeting pDCs or type I interferons.

Main Methods:

  • Review of immunological mechanisms.
  • Analysis of autoantibody involvement in autoimmunity.
  • Summary of ongoing clinical trials.

Main Results:

  • pDCs link innate and adaptive immunity through interferon production.
  • Autoantibodies, including IgE, can trigger pathogenic pDC activation and self-attack.
  • Several therapeutic strategies targeting pDCs and type I interferons are in clinical development.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding pDC dysregulation is critical for autoimmune disease research.
  • IgE autoantibodies represent a novel pathway in SLE pathogenesis.
  • Targeting pDCs and type I interferons shows promise for treating autoimmune conditions.