Updated: Mar 11, 2026

Optical Sectioning and Visualization of the Intervertebral Disc from Embryonic Development to Degeneration
Published on: July 8, 2021
Andrea Friedmann1, Felix Goehre2, Christopher Ludtka3
1Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Halle, Germany.
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This study reveals microstructural changes in degenerated intervertebral disc (IVD) tissue using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Understanding these changes is key for developing new therapies for intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD).
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