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Experience-Driven Differences in Childhood Cortisol Predict Affect-Relevant Brain Function and Coping in Adolescent

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Behavioral Genetics

Background:

  • Stress and emotion regulation show significant individual and developmental variability.
  • The development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis influences these differences.
  • Previous research linked childhood cortisol to adolescent brain connectivity and psychopathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the experience-driven (non-genetic) contributions to stress and emotion regulation.
  • To examine if intrapair differences in childhood cortisol predict differences in adolescent brain function and coping within monozygotic (MZ) twins.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a monozygotic (MZ) twin design to differentiate genetic and experiential factors.
  • Measured childhood afternoon cortisol levels and adolescent resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC).
  • Assessed amygdala recovery following exposure to unpleasant images in adolescence.

Main Results:

  • Childhood cortisol differences predicted adolescent amygdala-perigenual PFC rs-FC (R²=0.84, p=0.01).
  • Childhood cortisol differences also predicted amygdala recovery after viewing unpleasant images (R²=0.40, p<0.05).
  • Higher childhood cortisol was associated with lower adolescent rs-FC and impaired amygdala recovery.

Conclusions:

  • Childhood experiences, specifically cortisol levels, significantly shape adolescent brain function and emotional regulation.
  • These findings underscore the role of experience-dependent changes from childhood through adolescence.
  • Amygdala recovery differences were also linked to distinct coping styles in adolescence.