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Flushing in (neuro)endocrinology
Fady Hannah-Shmouni1, Constantine A Stratakis2, Christian A Koch3,4
1Section on Endocrinology & Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. fady.hannah-shmouni@nih.gov.
Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
|November 23, 2016
Summary
Cutaneous flushing is a common symptom in endocrine disorders, caused by blood flow changes. This review details flushing causes and diagnosis in neuroendocrine conditions.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Dermatology
- Vascular Biology
Background:
- Cutaneous flushing is a frequent symptom in endocrine disorders.
- Flushing pathophysiology involves altered cutaneous blood flow due to intrinsic factors.
- Causes are episodic (vasoactive mediators) or persistent (fixed erythema, telangiectasia, cyanosis).
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the differential diagnosis of flushing in neuroendocrine disorders.
- To outline an approach to managing flushing in this patient population.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of flushing in neuroendocrine disorders.
- Discussion of pathophysiology, differential diagnoses, and clinical approach.
Main Results:
- Neuroendocrine flushing differential diagnosis includes carcinoid syndrome, pheochromocytoma, Cushing syndrome, medullary thyroid cancer, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
- Both benign and malignant conditions can cause flushing.
- Understanding the pathophysiology aids in diagnosis.
Conclusions:
- Flushing is a key sign in neuroendocrine disorders.
- A systematic diagnostic approach is crucial.
- Early recognition and management improve patient outcomes.
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