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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Related Experiment Video

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Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
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Beyond Genetics: What Causes Type 1 Diabetes.

Zhen Wang1, Zhiguo Xie1, Qianjin Lu2

  • 1Diabetes Center, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, and Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, 139 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
|November 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental factors influence Type 1 diabetes (T1D) through epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation and miRNA regulation. Understanding these epigenetic changes is key for T1D diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
DNA methylationEnvironmental factorsEpigeneticsGeneticsHistone modificationsType 1 diabetesmiRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease driven by T cell destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
  • Genetic factors, particularly HLA variants, strongly predispose individuals to T1D, but incomplete concordance in identical twins highlights environmental influences.
  • Environmental factors interact with host genetics, potentially through epigenetic mechanisms, to trigger T1D pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of epigenetic modifications in Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.
  • To investigate how epigenetic changes influence the expression of T1D-associated genes.
  • To identify potential epigenetic biomarkers for T1D diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of DNA methylation patterns in T1D patients.
  • Assessment of histone modifications associated with T1D.
  • Profiling of microRNA (miRNA) expression in individuals with and without T1D.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNA profiles were observed between T1D patients and healthy controls.
  • Epigenetic modifications were found to regulate the expression of key genes involved in T1D, including those related to antigen presentation (HLA), immune tolerance (FOXP3, CTLA4), T cell response (GAD65), and beta cell function (INS).

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic modifications play a crucial role in the development of Type 1 diabetes by altering the expression of susceptible genes.
  • Understanding these epigenetic mechanisms offers potential therapeutic targets for controlling or preventing T1D.
  • Epigenetic changes in T1D present promising avenues for developing diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, enabling personalized treatment strategies.