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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis01:13

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For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
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Detecting and utilizing minority phases in heterogeneous catalysis.

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Summary

Transient, highly active phases in carbon monoxide oxidation were structurally characterized on platinum nanoparticles. This research reveals a novel, adsorbate-free surface structure, optimizing catalyst design and platinum usage.

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Highly active phases in carbon monoxide oxidation are transient and difficult to study.
  • Understanding their structure is crucial for catalyst development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the structure of a highly active phase during carbon monoxide oxidation on platinum nanoparticles.
  • To correlate catalyst structure with gas composition in a reactor environment.
  • To enable rational design of efficient catalytic reactors.

Main Methods:

  • In-situ reactor studies of platinum nanoparticles.
  • Structural determination of transient catalytic phases.

Main Results:

  • The highly active phase has a surface virtually free of adsorbates.
  • This phase co-exists with carbon-monoxide covered and oxidized platinum surfaces.
  • A direct relationship between gas composition and catalyst structure was established.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals the true structure of a key transient catalytic phase.
  • This understanding allows for the rational design of reactors that maximize active phase formation.
  • Optimized reactor design minimizes platinum requirements for efficient carbon monoxide oxidation.