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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions
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An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions

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Microbiome, metabolites and host immunity.

Maayan Levy1, Eran Blacher1, Eran Elinav1

  • 1Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Current Opinion in Microbiology
|November 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Microbial metabolites significantly impact host health by influencing metabolism and immunity. This review details how these compounds regulate immune system development and activity within the gut.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • The human intestine harbors a vast microbial community whose genomes and biochemical reactions exceed the host's, influencing health, metabolism, immunity, development, and behavior.
  • Imbalances in the gut microbial community are linked to various diseases.
  • Host-microbiome communication occurs via secreted metabolites, profoundly affecting host physiology and immune system surveillance of the intestinal environment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the central findings on how microbiota-modulated metabolites control immune development and activity.
  • To highlight the role of microbial metabolites in regulating the host immune system.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on microbial metabolites and immune regulation.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 11, 2026

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  • Synthesis of current knowledge on the mechanisms of microbiota-modulated immune control.

    • Main Results:

    • Microbial metabolites play a major role in regulating the immune system.
    • The immune system actively monitors the metabolic state and colonization status of the gut microbiota.

    Conclusions:

    • Microbiota-derived metabolites are key regulators of immune system development and function.
    • Understanding this host-microbiome metabolic crosstalk is crucial for addressing immune-related diseases.