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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
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Nuclear Fission02:50

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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Nuclear Export01:42

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Certified Training for Nuclear and Radioactive Source Security Management.

Daniel Johnson1

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Protecting radioactive sources from malevolent actors requires trained staff. International efforts focus on enhancing security competence for professionals managing radioactive materials in facilities worldwide.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Security
  • Radiation Safety
  • Risk Management

Background:

  • Radioactive sources are vital in healthcare, research, and industry.
  • Security vulnerabilities exist, with potential adversaries including terrorists and organized crime.
  • Global statistics indicate a concerning number of security incidents involving radioactive sources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the risks associated with radioactive sources.
  • To emphasize the need for trained and competent staff in security.
  • To inform about international training initiatives for radioactive source security.

Main Methods:

  • Review of global security incidents involving radioactive sources.
  • Analysis of potential adversaries and their motivations.
  • Overview of international training programs by IAEA and WINS.
  • Identification of target audience for security training.

Main Results:

  • Many entities underestimate the security risks of radioactive sources.
  • A diverse range of adversaries pose threats to radioactive source security.
  • Well-trained personnel are crucial for mitigating security risks.
  • International collaborations are actively promoting security training.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced security awareness and training are essential for facilities using radioactive sources.
  • Continuous professional development is key to safeguarding radioactive materials.
  • International cooperation strengthens global nuclear security efforts.