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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 11, 2026

A Precision Medicine Tool for Measurement and Monitoring of Hemoglobin S in Sickle Cell Disease Patients Receiving Transfusion Therapy
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The kidney in sickle hemoglobinopathies
.

Medha Airy, Garabed Eknoyan

    Clinical Nephrology
    |December 1, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Sickle cell disease (SCD) survival has improved, but kidney complications like chronic kidney disease (CKD) are now common. Early signs include albuminuria and impaired urine concentration, highlighting the need for awareness and management of sickle cell nephropathy (SCN).

    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Hematology
    • Vascular Biology

    Background:

    • Sickle cell disease (SCD) management advances have increased patient lifespan, shifting focus to chronic complications.
    • Renal complications, particularly chronic kidney disease (CKD), are age-dependent and increasingly prevalent in aging SCD populations.
    • CKD significantly impacts SCD mortality and morbidity, reducing median survival by over 20 years.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the historical context and evolution of sickle cell nephropathy (SCN).
    • To elucidate the pathophysiology of renal lesions in SCD.
    • To describe clinical and pathological manifestations and discuss current treatment strategies for SCN.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review focusing on historical data, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and therapeutic interventions for SCN.

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  • Analysis of epidemiological data regarding the prevalence and impact of CKD in SCD.
  • Synthesis of information on early diagnostic markers and management guidelines.

    • Main Results:

    • Obstructive vasculopathy in SCD affects all kidney structures: glomerulus, tubules, and medulla.
    • Early indicators of SCN include albuminuria and impaired urine concentrating ability.
    • CKD affects one-third of SCD patients, with 4-18% progressing to end-stage renal disease.

    Conclusions:

    • Sickle cell nephropathy is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with SCD.
    • Early detection of renal dysfunction through markers like albuminuria is crucial for timely intervention.
    • Comprehensive management strategies are needed to address the multifaceted renal complications of SCD.