Nanostructured 3D-porous graphene hydrogel based Ti/Sb-SnO₂-Gr electrode with enhanced electrocatalytic activity

Nanostructured highly porous 3D-Ti/Sb-SnO₂-Gr electrode, based on 3D porous graphene hydrogel was fabricated via a fast-evaporation technique through layer by layer (LBL) deposition. The 3D pores are uniformly distributed on the high fidelity of substrate with pore sizes of 7-12 nm, as confirmed by SEM analysis. Compared to Ti/Sb-SnO₂ electrode, the fabricated 3D porous electrode possesses high oxygen evolution potential (2.40 V), smaller charge transfer resistance (29.40 Ω cm^-2), higher porosity (0.90), enhanced roughness factor (181), and larger voltammetric charge value (57.4 mC cm^-2). Electrocatalytic oxidation of Rhodamine B (RhB) was employed to evaluate the efficiency of the fabricated 3D-Ti/Sb-SnO₂-Gr anode. The results show that the electrochemical reaction follows pseudo first order kinetics with rate constant (k) value of 4.93 × 10^-2 min^-1, which is about 3.91 times higher compared to flat Ti/Sb-SnO₂. The fabricated electrode demonstrates better stability and low specific energy consumption signifying its potential usage in electrocatalysis.