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Related Concept Videos

Refrigerators and Heat Pumps01:07

Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

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Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, whereas, for a heat pump, the focus is on dumping heat into one particular area. A refrigerator (or heat pump) absorbs heat Qc from the cold reservoir at Kelvin temperature Tc and discards heat Qh to the hot reservoir at Kelvin temperature Th, while work W is done on the engine’s working substance.
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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
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Temperature Measurement Sites

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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
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PI Controller: Design01:24

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Proportional Integral (PI) controllers are a fundamental component in modern control systems, widely used to enhance performance and mitigate steady-state errors. They are particularly effective in applications such as automatic brightness adjustment on smartphones, where they excel at mitigating steady-state errors for step-function inputs. Unlike PD controllers, which require time-varying errors to function optimally, PI controllers leverage their integral component to address residual...
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Thermosensation01:43

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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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Fa&#231;ade-Level Monitoring of CO2 Variability under Urban Heat Island Conditions using Low-Cost Sensor Data Loggers
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Enabling Smart Air Conditioning by Sensor Development: A Review.

Chin-Chi Cheng1, Dasheng Lee2

  • 1Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan. newmanch@ntut.edu.tw.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smart air conditioning uses sensors for better comfort and energy savings. Advanced wearable sensors can achieve up to 46.3% energy reduction without sacrificing thermal comfort.

Keywords:
energy savingoccupancy detectorsmart air conditioningthermal comfortthermo-fluidic sensors

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Area of Science:

  • Sensor development for smart building systems.
  • Integration of thermo-fluidic sensors and occupancy detectors for HVAC control.

Background:

  • Traditional air conditioning struggles to balance thermal comfort and energy efficiency.
  • Existing sensors for thermal comfort include temperature, humidity, and pressure sensors, alongside anemometers.
  • Occupancy detection methods range from passive infra-red (PIR) sensors to novel smartphone and wearable technologies.

Approach:

  • A literature survey was conducted to review sensor performance improvements.
  • The study discusses traditional and novel occupancy detection methods.
  • Quantitative evaluation of air conditioning energy savings through case studies.

Key Points:

  • Air conditioning energy savings increased from 11% (pre-2000) to 30% (post-2000) with integrated sensors.
  • Wearable sensors detecting human motion and metabolic data can yield up to 46.3% energy savings.
  • This approach maintains thermal comfort (minimum change in Predicted Mean Vote).

Conclusions:

  • Smart air conditioning with advanced sensors can personalize thermal comfort for diverse occupants.
  • This technology optimizes temperature settings for individual needs within a shared space.
  • Further experimental validation is recommended to support these findings.