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Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

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Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

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Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions

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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Efficient Light-Induced Phase Transitions in Halogen-Bonded Liquid Crystals.

Francisco Fernandez-Palacio1, Mikko Poutanen2, Marco Saccone3

  • 1Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano , Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy.

Chemistry of Materials : a Publication of the American Chemical Society
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Summary

Researchers developed new light-responsive liquid crystals (LCs) using fluorinated azobenzenes. These materials exhibit efficient, reversible light-induced phase transitions, paving the way for advanced photonic devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Liquid Crystals

Background:

  • Development of light-responsive materials is crucial for advanced technologies.
  • Azobenzene-based systems are widely studied for light-induced molecular transformations.
  • Supramolecular complexes offer tunable properties through noncovalent interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize novel fluorinated supramolecular liquid crystals (LCs).
  • To investigate their light-responsive behavior and phase transitions.
  • To explore potential applications in photonic devices and actuators.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of fluorinated azobenzene and stilbazole components.
  • Characterization using X-ray diffraction, polarized optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry.
  • Analysis of light-induced changes in optical properties (birefringence, absorption, scattering).

Main Results:

  • A new family of light-responsive, fluorinated supramolecular LCs was successfully created.
  • Efficient and reversible light-induced liquid crystal-to-isotropic phase transitions were observed.
  • A light-induced reversible crystal-to-isotropic phase transition was demonstrated for the first time in supramolecular complexes.
  • Less than 4% of azobenzene units in the cis-form were sufficient to induce a full phase transition.

Conclusions:

  • Fluorination enhances noncovalent interactions and stabilizes the cis-form of azobenzene, leading to efficient light responsiveness.
  • The study provides fundamental insights into light-induced phase transitions in supramolecular systems.
  • These materials hold promise for the development of bistable photonic devices and supramolecular actuators.