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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

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The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
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Conditioned Taste Aversion01:14

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Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
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Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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Developmentally defined forebrain circuits regulate appetitive and aversive olfactory learning.

Nagendran Muthusamy1, Xuying Zhang1, Caroline A Johnson1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.

Nature Neuroscience
|December 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Newborn neurons in the brain play distinct roles in processing odors. Early-born neurons handle negative smells, while adult-born neurons are key for learning about pleasant scents.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory system research
  • Neurogenesis studies

Background:

  • Postnatal and adult neurogenesis generate distinct neuronal populations.
  • The functional significance of these developmentally defined neurons is not fully understood.
  • Sensory learning involves complex neural processing, but specific neuronal contributions are debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential roles of developmentally distinct neuronal populations in olfactory processing and learning.
  • To determine if neurons born at different times contribute uniquely to responses to aversive and appetitive odors.
  • To elucidate the significance of neurogenesis timing in sensory information processing.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized chemogenetic techniques to selectively inactivate specific neuronal subsets in the forebrain and olfactory system.
  • Compared behavioral responses to aversive and appetitive odors following neuronal inactivation.
  • Focused on distinguishing the roles of early-born versus adult-born neurons.

Main Results:

  • Inactivation of early-born forebrain and olfactory neurons impaired responses to an aversive odor.
  • Selective inactivation of adult-born neurons disrupted learning associated with a novel appetitive odor.
  • These findings highlight a functional divergence based on neuronal developmental timing.

Conclusions:

  • Developmentally distinct neuronal populations, generated through postnatal and adult neurogenesis, play specialized roles in sensory processing.
  • Early-born neurons are critical for processing aversive olfactory stimuli.
  • Adult-born neurons are essential for learning about appetitive olfactory stimuli, suggesting differential involvement in hedonic sensory learning.