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Updated: Mar 10, 2026
Laparoscopic Left Hemihepatectomy Combined with Caudate Lobe Resection
Published on: April 11, 2025
Surgical outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma invading hepatocaval confluence
1Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. Wuhong7801@163.com.
Background:
Combined liver and inferior vena cava (IVC) resection followed by IVC and/or hepatic vein reconstruction (HVR) is a curative operation for selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) invading the hepatocaval confluence. The present study aimed to elucidate the prognostic factors for patients with HCC invading the hepatocaval confluence.
Methods:
Forty-two consecutive patients underwent hepatectomy, combined with IVC replacement and/or HVR for HCC between January 2009 and December 2014 were included in this study. The cases were divided into three groups based on the surgical approaches of HVR: group 1 (n=13), tumor invaded the hepatocaval confluence but with one or two hepatic veins intact in the residual liver, thus only the replacement of IVC, not HVR; group 2 (n=23), the hepatic vein of the residual liver was also partially invaded, and the hepatic vein defect was repaired with patches locally; group 3 (n=6), three hepatic veins at the hepatocaval confluence were infiltrated, and the hepatic vein remnant was re-implanted onto the side of the tube graft. The patient characteristics, intra- and postoperative results, and long-term overall survival were compared among the three groups. The survival-related factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis.
Results:
The group 1 had higher preoperative alpha-fetoprotein level (P<0.001), shorter operation time, hepatic ischemic time and hospital stay compared with groups 2 and 3 (P<0.05). The 1-, 3-, and 4-year overall survival rates of group 1 were 84.6%, 23.1% and 23.1%, respectively; group 2 were 78.3%, 8.7% and 8.7% respectively and group 3 were 83.3%, 0 and 0, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that the independent poor prognostic factors of overall survival were preoperative higher HBV DNA level (≥103 copies/mL; P=0.001), tumor size (≥9 cm; P<0.0001), age (≥60 years; P=0.010) and underwent HVR (P<0.0001).
Conclusions:
Patients with reconstructing hepatic vein with patches locally (group 2) or to the artificial graft (group 3) had worse long-term survival than those without HVR (group 1). HVR was one of the unfavorable prognostic factors of overall survival.
