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This study evaluated output factors for small, flat-tening filter-free (FFF) beams using various detectors. Plastic scintillator detectors (PSD) provided benchmark measurements, revealing significant collimator exchange effects and detector-specific variations for accurate stereotactic radiotherapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Accurate dose delivery in stereotactic radiotherapy relies on precise measurement of small radiation fields.
  • Flat-tening filter-free (FFF) beams are increasingly used in modern linear accelerators, offering dosimetric advantages but posing challenges for small field dosimetry.
  • Understanding detector response and collimator exchange effects is crucial for reliable small field output factor (OF) determination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate small field output factors (OFs) for flat-tening filter-free (FFF) beams using a stereotactic linear accelerator system.
  • To quantify the collimator exchange effect and generate detector-specific correction factors.
  • To compare the performance of various detectors, including ion chambers, diodes, film, and a plastic scintillator detector (PSD).

Main Methods:

  • Measurements of output factors for small fields (0.5–2 cm) were performed using five detectors: ion chamber (CC01), stereotactic field diode (SFD), diode detector (Edge), Gafchromic film (EBT3), and plastic scintillator detector (PSD).
  • Measurements were conducted in a water tank and solid water phantom at a source-to-surface distance of 100 cm and depth of 10 cm.
  • Monte Carlo (MC) simulations using EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc were performed for comparison, with PSD measurements validated against film and MC data serving as benchmarks.

Main Results:

  • The plastic scintillator detector (PSD) and Gafchromic film (EBT3) showed good agreement with Monte Carlo (MC) simulations (within 1.2% and 0.6%, respectively).
  • Ion chamber (CC01) and diode detectors (SFD, Edge) exhibited significant under- or overestimations of output factors compared to the PSD benchmark, with variations up to -11.7% and +6.0%.
  • The collimator exchange effect was found to be significant for small fields, averaging between 1.4% and 5.8% across different detectors and MC simulations.

Conclusions:

  • Small field detectors require careful selection and application, especially for FFF beams and small, elongated fields, due to varying responses.
  • The plastic scintillator detector (PSD) demonstrated reliable performance, agreeing well with film and MC simulations, making it a suitable benchmark for small field dosimetry.
  • The collimator exchange effect is a critical factor in small field dosimetry and necessitates the generation of detector-specific correction factors for accurate dose calibration in stereotactic radiotherapy.