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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes.

Paul Lips1, Marelise Eekhoff1, Natasja van Schoor2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|December 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Vitamin D deficiency is linked to type 2 diabetes. While research is ongoing, current evidence does not support high-dose vitamin D supplements for diabetes prevention or treatment.

Keywords:
Impaired fasting glucoseImpaired glucose toleranceInsulin resistanceType 2 diabetesVitamin D deficiencyVitamin D supplementationβ-cell function

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Vitamin D deficiency is associated with impaired insulin release, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.
  • Studies suggest vitamin D influences pancreatic beta-cell function and inflammation, key factors in glucose metabolism.
  • Genetic variations in vitamin D-related genes may also impact glycemic control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the evidence linking vitamin D deficiency to type 2 diabetes.
  • To assess the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in improving glycemic control and insulin sensitivity.
  • To determine if vitamin D supplementation can prevent type 2 diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental and epidemiological studies on vitamin D and diabetes.
  • Analysis of results from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) investigating vitamin D supplementation in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes.
  • Consideration of meta-analyses of existing RCTs.

Main Results:

  • Epidemiological studies show an association between low vitamin D levels and increased risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
  • RCT results are inconsistent; some show minor improvements in fasting glucose or insulin resistance, particularly in deficient individuals with prediabetes.
  • Meta-analyses generally do not demonstrate significant effects of vitamin D on glycemic control.

Conclusions:

  • Vitamin D deficiency should be addressed, but current evidence is insufficient to recommend high-dose vitamin D for type 2 diabetes prevention or management.
  • Further large-scale RCTs are needed to clarify the role of vitamin D supplementation in glycemic control and diabetes incidence.