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Global Climate Change01:50

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
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Modelling and the Nation: Institutionalising Climate Prediction in the UK, 1988-92.

Martin Mahony1, Mike Hulme2

  • 1School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK.

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|December 13, 2016
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Summary

The establishment of the UK Hadley Centre in 1990 was influenced by government demands for "sound science" and high evidential standards in climate change policymaking.

Keywords:
Civic epistemologyClimate changeEnvironmental politicsModelsScience and policy

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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science History
  • Environmental Policy Studies
  • Science and Technology Studies

Background:

  • The epistemic authority of climate models is a significant topic in climate change historiography.
  • Understanding the institutional development of climate research is crucial for policy relevance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct the negotiations leading to the establishment of the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research in 1990.
  • To analyze the influence of UK government policy and environmental politics on the Centre's institutional culture and scientific practices.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized newly released archival materials.
  • Conducted interviews with key actors involved in the Centre's formation.
  • Historicized institutional culture and linked it to broader political and regulatory contexts.

Main Results:

  • The Hadley Centre's establishment was shaped by a Conservative government's preference for "sound science" and high evidential standards.
  • Climate simulation techniques were pursued for their scientific prestige and persuasive power in policymaking.
  • New insights into the early role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and international politics were revealed.

Conclusions:

  • The institutional culture of the Hadley Centre was a product of specific historical, political, and scientific circumstances.
  • Governmental demands for evidence significantly influenced the direction of climate research and modeling.
  • The study highlights the interplay between national policy, international scientific bodies, and the evolution of climate science institutions.