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Related Concept Videos

RNA Splicing01:32

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Using the E1A Minigene Tool to Study mRNA Splicing Changes
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Cutting a Long Intron Short: Recursive Splicing and Its Implications.

Theodore Georgomanolis1, Konstantinos Sofiadis1, Argyris Papantonis1

  • 1Chromatin Systems Biology Laboratory, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne Cologne, Germany.

Frontiers in Physiology
|December 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Eukaryotic genomes feature long introns, once ignored but now known to regulate gene expression. Recursive splicing, a stepwise cotranscriptional process, adds a new layer to transcript maturation with potential links to human diseases.

Keywords:
RNA polymeraseco-transcriptionalexon definitionprocessingrecursive splicingvariant U1 RNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Eukaryotic genes contain exons and introns; introns were historically considered non-regulatory.
  • Advances in sequencing and computational biology reveal introns' regulatory roles.
  • Introns can be differentially processed for alternative splicing, producing diverse transcripts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the regulatory significance of intronic sequences in gene expression.
  • To introduce and explain the process of recursive splicing.
  • To discuss the implications of recursive splicing in human diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent molecular biology and sequencing studies.
  • Analysis of gene expression and splicing patterns in human and fruitfly tissues.
  • Computational analysis of intronic sequences and splicing mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Long introns are extensively processed cotranscriptionally via a stepwise mechanism.
  • Recursive splicing involves non-canonical splicing elements deep within introns.
  • This process represents a novel regulatory layer in transcript maturation.

Conclusions:

  • Intronic sequences play crucial roles in gene regulation.
  • Recursive splicing is a widespread mechanism with significant biological implications.
  • Dysregulation of recursive splicing may contribute to human diseases.