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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia

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rTMS affects working memory performance, brain activation and functional connectivity in patients with multiple

H E Hulst¹, T Goldschmidt¹, M A Nitsche^2,3

¹Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section of Clinical Neuroscience, VUmc MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry

|December 16, 2016

Summary

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improved working memory in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients by normalizing brain activity and connectivity. This suggests rTMS may be valuable for cognitive rehabilitation in MS.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Neurology
Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system.
Cognitive impairment, particularly in working memory, is a common symptom in MS.
Current rehabilitation strategies for MS-related cognitive dysfunction are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on working memory in MS patients.
To assess changes in task-related brain activation and functional connectivity following rTMS.
To compare rTMS effects between MS patients and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

17 MS patients and 11 healthy controls (HCs) participated in three sessions: baseline, real-rTMS, and sham-rTMS.
Repetitive TMS (10 Hz) was applied to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) before N-back tasks within an MRI scanner.
Functional MRI measured brain activation and functional connectivity changes related to the N-back task performance.

Main Results:

N-back task accuracy improved in MS patients after real-rTMS compared to baseline and sham conditions.
MS patients exhibited reduced frontal hyperactivation after real-rTMS, shifting towards HC patterns.
Functional connectivity between the right DLPFC and regions including the caudate nucleus and cingulate gyrus increased post-rTMS in MS patients.

Conclusions:

Real-rTMS enhanced working memory performance in MS patients.
rTMS modulated brain activation and connectivity, potentially improving network efficiency in MS.
These findings support the potential of rTMS as a therapeutic tool for cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis.