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Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:15

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Carbohydrates are predominantly obtained from plant sources. With the exception of lactose found in milk and insignificant glycogen amounts in meat, most consumed carbohydrates have plant origins. Monosaccharides and disaccharides, or sugars, can be sourced from fruits, honey, milk, sugar cane, and sugar beets. Grains and vegetables are rich in the polysaccharide starch. Two types of polysaccharides provide fiber: cellulose, which is abundant in many vegetables, forms undigestible roughage or...
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Lipids: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:18

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Lipids are an essential component of a balanced human diet. Triglycerides, which make up the majority of dietary lipids, are found in both saturated fats—commonly present in meat, dairy products, and certain tropical plants like coconut, and hydrogenated oils such as margarine and baking shortenings (trans fats)—and unsaturated fats, which are abundant in seeds, nuts, olive oil, and most vegetable oils. The main sources of cholesterol include egg yolks, various meats and organ...
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SBAR II: Application of SBAR01:14

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SBAR is an effective communication tool used by healthcare professionals to communicate patient information accurately. SBAR stands for Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation. For a better understanding, an example is given below.
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S: "Hello, Dr. Smith. This is Jane, RN, from the Med Surg unit. I am calling to tell you about Ms. White in Room 210, who is experiencing increased pain and redness at her incision site. Her recent...
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Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

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Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
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Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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What is the appropriate upper limit for added sugars consumption?

James M Rippe1, John L Sievenpiper2, Kim-Anne Lê2

  • 1J.M. Rippe is with the Rippe Lifestyle Institute, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, USA; and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA. J.L. Sievenpiper is with the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St Michael's Hospital; the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, St Michael's Hospital; and the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. K.-A. Lê is with Nestec Ltd, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland. J.S. White is with White Technical Research, Argenta, Illinois, USA. R. Clemens is with the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California; and the International Center for Regulatory Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. T.J. Angelopoulos is with the School of Health Sciences, Emory and Henry College, Emory, Virginia, USA. jrippe@rippelifestyle.com.

Nutrition Reviews
|December 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Global increases in obesity and diabetes may be linked to added sugars. While avoiding excessive sugar is prudent, the scientific basis for strict consumption limits remains unsettled.

Keywords:
added sugarsdiabetesfructoseheart diseasehigh fructose corn syrupobesitysucrose

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Public Health
  • Metabolic Disease Research

Background:

  • Worldwide obesity and diabetes rates have surged dramatically in the last 30 years.
  • Increased consumption of added sugars is a suspected contributor to these escalating health crises.
  • Major health organizations recommend limiting added sugar intake due to potential health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the scientific evidence linking sugar consumption to chronic health conditions.
  • To examine the putative association between sugars and obesity, diabetes, heart disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic syndrome.
  • To evaluate the scientific basis for current restrictive guidelines on sugar consumption.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of scientific studies.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data and clinical trial results.
  • Synthesis of evidence on the physiological effects of sugars.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests a link between excessive sugar intake and adverse health outcomes.
  • The association between added sugars and conditions like obesity and diabetes is supported by multiple studies.
  • However, the strength of evidence and specific thresholds for harm are still debated.

Conclusions:

  • Avoiding excessive caloric intake from sugars is advisable for public health.
  • The scientific foundation for strict, quantitative limits on sugar consumption requires further robust investigation.
  • More research is needed to definitively establish causal links and inform evidence-based dietary guidelines.