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Migration

Migration

Migration is long-range, seasonal movement from one region or habitat to another. This common strategy, carried out by many different organisms around the world, is an adaptive response that typically corresponds to changes in an organism’s environment, like resource availability or climate. Migrations can involve huge groups of thousands of animals as well as single individuals traveling alone and can range from thousands of kilometers to just a few hundred meters.

What is Climate?

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.

Responses to Drought and Flooding

Responses to Drought and Flooding

Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.

Habitat Fragmentation

Habitat Fragmentation

Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land conversion, as well as slower geological processes leading to changes in the physical environment, are the two leading causes of habitat fragmentation. The fragmentation process typically follows the same steps: perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition.

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab

Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab

Published on: September 16, 2020

Climate, migration, and the local food security context: Introducing Terra Populus.

Raphael J Nawrotzki¹, Allison M Schlak¹, Tracy A Kugler¹

¹University of Minnesota, Minnesota Population Center, 225 19th Avenue South, 50 Willey Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, U.S.A.

Population and Environment

|December 16, 2016

Summary

Environmental factors like climate impact migration patterns. A new data system, Terra Populus (TerraPop), aids these studies, revealing climate-migration links in Burkina Faso and Senegal, influenced by food security.

Keywords:

Burkina Faso Climate Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)Senegal Terra Populus environment food security international migration

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Last Updated: Mar 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Demography
Migration Studies
Climate Change Research

Background:

Investigating the links between environmental factors and human migration is complex due to data integration challenges.
Existing research often lacks the granular spatial and microdata necessary for robust population-environment studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce Terra Populus (TerraPop), a novel data extraction system designed to facilitate population-environment research.
To explore the influence of local food security contexts on the climate-migration association in Burkina Faso and Senegal.

Main Methods:

Utilized the TerraPop data extraction system for climate and migration information.
Approximated food security using anthropometric indicators (child stunting and wasting) from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS).
Linked DHS data with TerraPop extracts to analyze climate-migration variations.

Main Results:

Increased heat waves were associated with decreased international migration from Burkina Faso.
Excessive precipitation was linked to increased international migration from Senegal.
The negative impacts of heat waves and droughts were significantly amplified in food-insecure regions of Senegal.

Conclusions:

The TerraPop system effectively supports population-environment studies by integrating diverse datasets.
Climate-migration dynamics are context-specific, modulated by local food security conditions.
Food insecurity exacerbates the migratory responses to adverse climate events in certain regions.