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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
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The ionization of a molecule into a molecular ion inside the mass spectrometer causes instability in the molecule's structure due to the loss of an electron. This eventually leads to the fragmentation or breaking of some bonds in the molecule. The fragmentation occurs predominantly at specific bonds to yield relatively stable fragments.
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

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Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Sonofragmentation of Ionic Crystals.

Hyo Na Kim1, Kenneth S Suslick1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|December 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mechanochemistry uses mechanical energy to drive chemical changes. This study shows ultrasonic fragmentation of ionic crystals depends on material strength, extending the Bell-Evans-Polanyi principle to solid fracture.

Keywords:
crystal engineeringmechanical propertiesmechanochemistrysolid-state reactionssonofragmentation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Mechanochemistry

Background:

  • Mechanochemistry explores material changes from mechanical energy input.
  • Sonochemistry, the effects of ultrasound, is a subset of mechanochemistry.
  • Understanding material fragmentation under mechanical stress is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively investigate the fragmentation of ionic crystals via ultrasonic irradiation.
  • To correlate fragmentation rates with material properties and processing parameters.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of sonofragmentation in slurries.

Main Methods:

  • Ultrasonic irradiation of ionic crystal slurries.
  • Quantitative measurement of fragmentation rates.
  • Correlation of fragmentation with material strength (Vickers hardness, Young's modulus) and liquid properties (viscosity).

Main Results:

  • Fragmentation rate is strongly dependent on material strength.
  • Fragmentation correlates with binding energies, extending the Bell-Evans-Polanyi principle.
  • Fragmentation is independent of slurry loading and vapor pressure, but suppressed by increased viscosity.
  • Mechanism involves shockwaves from acoustic cavitation interacting with crystal defects.

Conclusions:

  • Sonofragmentation is a mechanochemical process directly linked to material's mechanical properties.
  • The Bell-Evans-Polanyi principle is applicable to solid fracture under ultrasonic cavitation.
  • Acoustic cavitation-induced shockwaves are the primary drivers of crystal fragmentation.