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Related Concept Videos

Characteristics of Fluids01:20

Characteristics of Fluids

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When a force is applied parallel to the top surface of a solid, it resists the applied force due to the internal frictional forces between the layers of the solid known as shearing resistance. However, when the force is removed, the shearing forces restore the original shape of the solid. Other deformation forces also cause temporary changes in shape if the forces are not beyond a threshold magnitude. Solids tend to retain their shape, making the study of their rest and motion easier. Beyond...
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Characteristics of Fluids01:31

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Fluids differ from solids primarily in their molecular structure and stress response. Solids have tightly packed molecules with strong intermolecular forces, maintaining their shape and resisting deformation. In contrast, fluids have molecules spaced farther apart with weaker forces, allowing them to flow and deform easily.
Fluids, which include both liquids and gases, are substances that deform continuously under shearing stress. For example, water and oil are liquids with molecules that can...
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Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid01:09

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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...
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Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble01:13

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

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The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.
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Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions01:29

Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions

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Nonideal liquid solutions, also known as real solutions, do not strictly follow Raoult's law. Raoult's law is a rule of thumb in physical chemistry. However, not all mixtures adhere to this law due to varying molecular interactions. For example, in an acetone/chloroform solution, the individual vapor pressures of the components are lower than expected, resulting in a total vapor pressure below that predicted by Raoult's law, causing a negative deviation.On the other hand, in an ethanol/water...
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Non-local fluctuation phenomena in liquids.

F Croccolo1,2, J M Ortiz de Zárate3, J V Sengers4

  • 1Laboratoire des Fluides Complexes et leurs Réservoirs, UMR 5150, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 64600, Anglet, France. fabrizio.croccolo@univ-pau.fr.

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Fluids in non-equilibrium steady states show system-wide fluctuations. This review examines experimental support for local equilibrium assumptions in non-equilibrium thermodynamics and fluctuating hydrodynamics.

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Topical Issue: Non-isothermal transport in complex fluids

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Area of Science:

  • Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
  • Fluctuating hydrodynamics
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Non-equilibrium steady states (NESS) in fluids exhibit long-range fluctuations.
  • These phenomena extend across the entire system.
  • Understanding NESS is crucial for advancing statistical mechanics and thermodynamics.

Approach:

  • Reviewing experimental evidence for theoretical models.
  • Assessing the validity of the local equilibrium assumption.
  • Connecting theoretical frameworks with observed fluctuation phenomena.

Key Points:

  • Local equilibrium assumption is fundamental to non-equilibrium thermodynamics and fluctuating hydrodynamics.
  • Experimental data are evaluated for consistency with theoretical predictions.
  • The relationship between local equilibrium and non-local fluctuations is explored.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental evidence supports the consistency of local equilibrium assumptions.
  • This consistency is vital for describing long-range fluctuations in NESS.
  • Further research can refine these models for complex fluid systems.