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Gene Duplication and Divergence

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Gene Families

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...

Plasmids

Plasmids

Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic microbes like yeast. These small, circular DNA structures typically contain fewer than 30 genes, although some may exist linearly. Plasmids vary in their number within a cell, known as copy number. Single-copy plasmids are present in one copy per cell and multi-copy plasmids are present in multiple copies, reaching over 100 copies per cell.Plasmids usually replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA...

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 10, 2026

Generating Transgenic Plants with Single-copy Insertions Using BIBAC-GW Binary Vector

Generating Transgenic Plants with Single-copy Insertions Using BIBAC-GW Binary Vector

Published on: March 28, 2018

Plant Genome Duplication Database.

Tae-Ho Lee^1,2, Junah Kim¹, Jon S Robertson²

¹Genomics Division, Department of Agricultural Bio-resource, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Jeonju, South Korea.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|December 18, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Genome duplication drives plant evolution. The Plant Genome Duplication Database (PGDD) aids in identifying genome duplication events and estimating speciation dates using genome alignments for 47 plant species.

Keywords:

Angiosperms Colinearity Dot plot Genome databases Genome duplication Ks distribution

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Area of Science:

Evolutionary biology
Genomics
Bioinformatics

Background:

Genome duplication is a major evolutionary force in flowering plants.
Identifying homologous regions and genes is crucial for understanding genome duplication's evolutionary impact.
The Plant Genome Duplication Database (PGDD) offers a public resource for plant genome alignments.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe methods for identifying and dating genome duplication events.
To estimate speciation dates using PGDD data.
To present the updated functionalities of the PGDD for analyzing genome-wide duplications.

Main Methods:

Utilizing genome alignments provided by the PGDD.
Applying specific functions within PGDD to identify homologous regions and genes.
Employing computational methods to estimate dates of genome duplication and speciation events.

Main Results:

PGDD currently hosts genome alignment data for 47 plant species.
The described methods enable the identification of past genome duplication events.
The database facilitates the estimation of divergence times between plant lineages.

Conclusions:

PGDD is a valuable resource for studying the evolutionary consequences of genome duplication in plants.
The database's functions provide powerful tools for evolutionary genomics research.
Understanding genome duplication events aids in deciphering plant evolutionary history.