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Functional Divisions of the Nervous System01:23

Functional Divisions of the Nervous System

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Distinct Brain Systems Support Afferent and Efferent Autonomic Activity.

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    Brain activity and heart rate variability (HRV) form a feedback loop, with aging altering this autonomic nervous system coordination. Specific brain regions process incoming (afferent) and outgoing (efferent) signals, influencing HRV.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Autonomic Nervous System
    • Cardiovascular Physiology

    Background:

    • Brain correlates of autonomic activity are known, but their afferent/efferent roles are unclear.
    • The impact of emotion and aging on brain-autonomic coordination needs further investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the afferent and efferent nature of brain-autonomic interactions.
    • To explore how emotion and aging influence brain-heart rate variability (HRV) coordination.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized time-varying heart rate variability (HRV) and blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data.
    • Analyzed data from younger (N=104) and older (N=51) adult cohorts during rest and emotion regulation tasks.
    • Employed Granger causality analysis to infer information flow direction between brain regions.

    Main Results:

    • Insular and cingulate activity negatively correlated with HRV during emotion regulation.
    • Afferent regions (posterior insula, postcentral gyrus, frontal pole) showed decreased HRV associated with increased BOLD activity.
    • Efferent regions (anterior insula, cingulate) showed increased activity associated with increased HRV.
    • Afferent brain activity Granger-predicted efferent activity, suggesting a feedback loop.
    • Aging altered the overlap between afferent and efferent regions, with greater overlap in older adults.

    Conclusions:

    • A feedback loop exists where HRV influences brain activity in distinct afferent and efferent regions.
    • This brain-autonomic coordination system is modulated by emotion and significantly affected by aging.
    • Age-related changes in brain-autonomic coordination may involve altered functional overlap between afferent and efferent pathways.