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Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
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Published on: January 17, 2025

Mapping relative proximity within an internalizing symptoms network.

Gabrielle E Reimann1, Bergen Allee2, Tyler Derr3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, United States.

Journal of Anxiety Disorders
|June 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are closely related, suggesting a distress-based dimension. Fear-related symptoms like panic and social anxiety did not form a cohesive group.

Keywords:
DistressFearInternalizing symptomsNetwork analysisProximity

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Network Science
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Understanding symptom relationships is crucial for psychiatric classification.
  • Internalizing symptoms involve fear, distress, avoidance, and arousal.
  • Previous classifications lack empirical support for symptom domain proximity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the relative proximity of internalizing symptom domains.
  • To examine the structure of fear and distress symptom networks.
  • To test for distress-based versus fear-based internalizing dimensions.

Main Methods:

  • Network analysis of six symptom domains (depression, GAD, social anxiety, panic, PTSD, OCD) in young adults (N=2051).
  • Gaussian graphical model estimation and community detection.
  • Shortest path length and permutation testing to assess domain proximity.

Main Results:

  • Depression and GAD showed reciprocal proximity, with PTSD closely linked to both.
  • Panic, social anxiety, and OCD did not form a cohesive fear community.
  • Distress-related symptoms (depression, GAD, PTSD) exhibited greater proximity than fear-related ones.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support a distress-based internalizing dimension (depression, GAD, PTSD).
  • Limited evidence for a distinct fear-based dimension (social anxiety, panic, OCD).
  • Network analysis provides a method for empirically evaluating psychiatric classification structures.