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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

A conceptual model for vision rehabilitation.

Pamela S Roberts¹, John-Ross Rizzo², Kimberly Hreha³

¹Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cedars-Sinai Health System, Los Angeles, CA.

Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development

|December 21, 2016

Summary

Vision impairments are common after acquired brain injury (ABI). This review presents a conceptual model for vision rehabilitation to improve patient care across various settings.

Keywords:

acquired brain injury conceptual model functional vision interprofessional rehabilitation stroke vision vision assessment vision specialists visual function

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Last Updated: Mar 9, 2026

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Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management

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Published on: May 5, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Ophthalmology
Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

Vision impairments frequently occur following acquired brain injury (ABI).
Effective practice guidelines are crucial for interprofessional rehabilitation settings.
Conceptual models aid in understanding and implementing these guidelines.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the existing literature on vision impairments in ABI.
To describe a novel conceptual model for vision rehabilitation.
To discuss the clinical implications and practical applications of this model.

Main Methods:

Literature review of vision impairments post-ABI.
Development of a conceptual framework for vision rehabilitation.
Analysis of clinical inferences and interdisciplinary translation.

Main Results:

Vision impairments are a significant challenge in ABI recovery.
The proposed conceptual model offers a structured approach to vision rehabilitation.
The model's adaptability across settings and disciplines is highlighted.

Conclusions:

A structured approach to vision rehabilitation is essential for individuals with ABI.
The conceptual model provides a framework for evidence-based, interprofessional practice.
Translating this model into practice can enhance outcomes for patients with ABI.