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Related Concept Videos

Liver Histology01:27

Liver Histology

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The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
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The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
Metabolic Regulation:
The liver is the central organ involved in regulating blood composition. It stabilizes blood glucose levels, maintaining them within the range of  70–110 mg/dL. When these levels drop, the liver breaks down glycogen reserves and releases glucose into the bloodstream. It can...
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The liver, the largest gland within the human body, is a firm and reddish-brown organ. This wedge-shaped structure weighs approximately 1.5 kg and occupies a significant portion of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It extends more to the right of the body's midline than to the left.
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The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
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The Microbiome and the Liver: The Basics.

David W Victor1, Eamonn M M Quigley1

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lynda K. and David M. Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas.

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The human gut microbiome, established in infancy, significantly impacts host metabolism and immune responses. Alterations in this complex bacterial community are linked to liver disease and inflammation.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The human gut microbiome's role in health and disease is increasingly recognized.
  • Advanced sequencing technologies have accelerated the study of microbial communities and their functions.
  • The gut microbiome undergoes dynamic changes from birth to establish a mature ecosystem.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the intricate relationships between the host and the gut microbiota.
  • To understand the microbiome's impact on host metabolism and homeostasis.
  • To investigate the role of microbial dysbiosis in inflammatory conditions, particularly liver disease.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advanced sequencing techniques to identify bacterial populations and their functions.
  • Analyzing the composition and functional properties of the human gut microbiome.
  • Investigating host-microbe interactions and their influence on physiological processes.

Main Results:

  • The mature gut microbiome plays a crucial role in host metabolism.
  • Bacterial translocation from the gut is implicated as a driver of liver inflammation.
  • Altered host tolerance to gut bacteria contributes to inflammation in the liver and other organs.

Conclusions:

  • The human microbiome is integral to maintaining host homeostasis.
  • Understanding microbiome composition and function is key to deciphering its impact on health and disease.
  • Microbiome research continues to expand our knowledge of its broad influence on human biology and disease pathogenesis.