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Related Concept Videos

Gut-Brain Axis01:22

Gut-Brain Axis

The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such as...
Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health01:05

Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health

The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
Irritable Bowel Syndrome01:23

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

DefinitionIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent combinations of abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, or constipation.Pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndromeIts pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving disturbances in motility, sensory processing, microbial balance, barrier integrity, and gut–brain communication. These mechanisms interact to produce symptoms that vary across IBS subtypes.Altered Motility PatternsDisordered...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System II: Digestion and Absorption01:22

Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System II: Digestion and Absorption

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, extending from the mouth to the anus, plays a pivotal role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. This process involves both mechanical and chemical actions facilitated by various enzymes.
Digestion begins in the mouth, where food undergoes mechanical breakdown by chewing and combines with saliva. Salivary amylase, an enzyme in saliva, starts the breakdown of starches into maltose. The food then travels down the esophagus to the stomach.
In the stomach, a...

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Updated: May 26, 2026

A Gut-on-a-Chip Model to Study the Gut Microbiome-Nervous System Axis
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A Gut-on-a-Chip Model to Study the Gut Microbiome-Nervous System Axis

Published on: July 28, 2023

The Gut-Brain Axis-From Science to Clinical Practice.

Eamonn M M Quigley1

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lynda K and David M Underwood Center for Digestive Health, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas.

Gastro Hep Advances
|May 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gut-brain axis involves communication between the gut and brain, influenced by stress and the microbiome. Emerging research explores the microbiome-gut-brain axis

Keywords:
Autonomic Nervous SystemCentral Nervous SystemEnteric Nervous SystemGut-Brain AxisMicrobiome-Gut-Brain AxisStress

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Area of Science:

  • Neurogastroenterology
  • Microbiome research
  • Brain-gut interactions

Background:

  • The gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication pathway, has historical roots and is exemplified by stress's impact on gastrointestinal function.
  • Brain-to-gut signaling occurs via the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; gut-to-brain signaling is largely subconscious.
  • Neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's affect both the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the established gut-brain axis.
  • To introduce the emerging concept of the microbiome-gut-brain axis.
  • To discuss the implications of the microbiome-gut-brain axis for neurological and psychological disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on the gut-brain axis.
  • Examination of animal studies investigating the microbiome-gut-brain axis.
  • Discussion of challenges and preliminary findings in human studies.

Main Results:

  • The gut-brain axis is well-established, with stress significantly impacting gut function.
  • Animal studies demonstrate the microbiome's influence on brain morphology, function, and behavior.
  • Human studies on the microbiome-gut-brain axis are challenging but show potential therapeutic implications.

Conclusions:

  • The microbiome-gut-brain axis is a rapidly developing field with potential therapeutic applications.
  • Further human research is needed to fully understand the microbiome's role in neurological and psychological health.
  • Caution is advised in attributing direct pathogenicity to gut microbiome-brain interactions pending more human data.