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Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Problem Solving01:06

Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Problem Solving

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In multiple dimensions, the conservation of momentum applies in each direction independently. Hence, to solve collisions in multiple dimensions, we should write down the momentum conservation in each direction separately. To help understand collisions in multiple dimensions, consider an example.
A small car of mass 1,200 kg traveling east at 60 km/h collides at an intersection with a truck of mass 3,000 kg traveling due north at 40 km/h. The two vehicles are locked together. What is the...
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Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Introduction01:05

Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Introduction

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It is far more common for collisions to occur in two dimensions; that is, the initial velocity vectors are neither parallel nor antiparallel to each other. Let's see what complications arise from this. The first idea is that momentum is a vector. Like all vectors, it can be expressed as a sum of perpendicular components (usually, though not always, an x-component and a y-component, and a z-component if necessary). Thus, when the statement of conservation of momentum is written for a...
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Types of Collisions - II01:19

Types of Collisions - II

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When two or more objects collide with each other, they can stick together to form one single composite object (after collision). The total mass of the object after the collision is the sum of the masses of the original objects, and it moves with a velocity dictated by the conservation of momentum. Although the system's total momentum remains constant, the kinetic energy decreases, and thus such a collision is an inelastic collision. Most of the collisions between objects in daily life are...
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

13.9K
The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
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Method of Joints: Problem Solving II01:30

Method of Joints: Problem Solving II

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Consider a truss structure with frictionless joints fixed to a wall and roller support. If a force of 150 N is applied to joint A, the forces in each member of the truss can be determined using the method of joints.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum
07:30

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

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Playing 'Pong' Together: Emergent Coordination in a Doubles Interception Task.

Niek H Benerink1, Frank T J M Zaal2, Remy Casanova3

  • 1Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRSMarseille, France; PsyCLE, Aix-Marseille UniversitéAix-en-Provence, France.

Frontiers in Psychology
|December 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Two players in a doubles-pong task coordinated to intercept balls without communication. Decisions on who intercepts emerged from visual cues and between-player interactions, achieving high interception success.

Keywords:
collaborationcoordinationdecision-makinginterceptioninterpersonal coordinationjoint-actionperception-actionteam

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Area of Science:

  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Robotics

Background:

  • Coordinated action is crucial in many tasks, from sports to human-robot teams.
  • Understanding implicit coordination mechanisms is key to designing effective collaborative systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how two players implicitly coordinate to intercept a ball in a shared interception space.
  • To analyze decision-making processes for task allocation without explicit communication.

Main Methods:

  • A doubles-pong task was designed where two participants controlled paddles to intercept descending balls.
  • Participants had to decide who intercepts each ball to avoid paddle collisions.
  • A simulation model was used to replicate observed coordination behaviors.

Main Results:

  • Teams achieved a high interception success rate (91.3 ± 3.4%) with rare paddle collisions.
  • Participants established a global division of interception space, though boundaries were flexible.
  • Simulations accurately reproduced observed behaviors, including decision-making and abandonment timing.

Conclusions:

  • Implicit coordination emerges from continuous visual feedback and inter-player dynamics.
  • Task allocation decisions in shared spaces are driven by emergent interaction patterns.
  • Findings inform the design of collaborative agents and multi-agent systems.