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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
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Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates
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Sexually transmitted diseases and infertility.

Danielle G Tsevat1, Harold C Wiesenfeld2, Caitlin Parks1

  • 1Division of Clinical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.

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Female infertility, often caused by untreated sexually transmitted infections, highlights the need for better prevention. Research suggests exploring the vaginal microbiome for additional preventable causes of tubal factor infertility.

Keywords:
STDSTIchlamydiagonorrheainfertility

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Female infertility, particularly tubal factor infertility, is a significant global health issue.
  • Untreated sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a primary cause of tubal damage and infertility.
  • Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are well-established pathogens linked to infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the established role of common STDs in female infertility.
  • To explore the potential involvement of less-studied organisms and the vaginal microbiome in tubal factor infertility.
  • To emphasize the need for further research into preventable causes of infertility.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing evidence on sexually transmitted organisms and infertility.
  • Analysis of the known mechanisms of tubal damage caused by ascending infections.
  • Identification of gaps in current understanding regarding microbial contributions to infertility.

Main Results:

  • Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are consistently implicated in tubal factor infertility.
  • Limited evidence suggests Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis, and vaginal microbiome alterations may also contribute to infertility.
  • Further investigation is warranted to fully elucidate the role of these and other microorganisms.

Conclusions:

  • Preventable causes of tubal factor infertility, beyond common STDs, require further investigation.
  • Understanding the broader microbial landscape, including the vaginal microbiome, is crucial for identifying novel prevention strategies.
  • Enhanced screening and prevention of ascending infections are vital to reduce the global burden of infertility.