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Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

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Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...
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Physical Properties Affecting Solubility02:19

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Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute and solvent species. Unlike solid and liquid solutes, however, there is no solute-solute intermolecular attraction to overcome when a gaseous solute dissolves in a liquid solvent since the atoms or molecules comprising a gas are far separated and experience negligible interactions. Consequently, solute-solvent interactions are the sole...
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Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid01:18

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The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the titration curve. At the first equivalence point, the carbonate ions in the base are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The second equivalence point corresponds to the complete conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. The region before the first equivalence point corresponds to the...
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Turbulent Flow: Problem Solving01:09

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Carbonation is a process used to dissolve carbon dioxide gas in a liquid, commonly used in the production of carbonated beverages. Achieving efficient carbonation requires careful control of temperature, pressure, and flow conditions. By adjusting these parameters, carbonation efficiency can be maximized, producing a higher concentration of CO2 in the liquid.
Temperature is a key factor in CO2 solubility. In this case, the CO2 gas and the liquid are cooled to 20°C. Lower temperatures enhance...
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Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions03:26

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An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
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Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent
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Carbon dioxide sequestration using NaHSO4 and NaOH: A dissolution and carbonation optimisation study.

Aimaro Sanna1, Luc Steel1, M Mercedes Maroto-Valer1

  • 1Centre for Innovation in Carbon Capture and Storage (CICCS), Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering (IMPEE), School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.

Journal of Environmental Management
|December 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study optimized a sodium bisulfate/sodium hydroxide process for extracting magnesium from serpentine, achieving high dissolution and carbonation efficiencies for CO2 sequestration. This method offers an energy-efficient alternative to ammonium-based processes.

Keywords:
CCSCO(2) fixationClean energyMineral carbonationSodium salts

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Engineering

Background:

  • Serpentine minerals are abundant and contain significant amounts of magnesium.
  • Current methods for magnesium extraction and CO2 sequestration using serpentine can be energy-intensive.
  • Developing efficient and sustainable processes for utilizing serpentine resources is crucial for carbon capture and materials production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and optimize a novel sodium bisulfate/sodium hydroxide (NaHSO4/NaOH) leaching and carbonation process for lizardite-rich serpentinite.
  • To evaluate the efficiency of CO2 sequestration via mineral carbonation using this process.
  • To compare the performance and energy efficiency with existing ammonium-based methods.

Main Methods:

  • Optimization of the dissolution step using varying temperature, solid/liquid ratio, particle size, concentration, and molar ratios of NaHSO4.
  • Optimization of the carbonation step with varying temperature, time, and molar ratios.
  • Analysis of magnesium extraction efficiency and CO2 sequestration capacity.

Main Results:

  • Optimal dissolution efficiency of 69.6% achieved at 100°C for 3 hours with 1.4 M NaHSO4 and 50 g/l serpentine (75-150 μm particle size).
  • Optimal carbonation efficiency of 95.4% achieved at 90°C for 30 minutes with a 1:1 magnesium:sodium carbonate molar ratio.
  • CO2 sequestration capacity of 223.6 g CO2/kg serpentine, with 66.4% Mg forming hydromagnesite.

Conclusions:

  • The NaHSO4/NaOH pH swing mineralization process is effective for extracting magnesium from lizardite-rich serpentinite.
  • This process demonstrates a viable and potentially more energy-efficient alternative to ammonium-based methods for CO2 sequestration.
  • Lizardite-rich serpentinites are a valuable resource for sustainable magnesium extraction and carbon mineralization.