[Influence of the Weather on the Incidence of Fractures in the Elderly]

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The incidence of geriatric fractures (proximal femur, distal radius, proximal humerus and thoracolumbar spine injuries) in the population increases with ageing. However, the role of weather conditions, such as icy and slippery winter, should not be overlooked. A deeper insight into this relationship may bring about a better understanding of the fracture aetiology and thus allow for improvement in the prevention of fractures in elderly people. MATERIAL AND METHODS This prospective study included 676 patients (469 women and 207 men) aged 65 and over. Relationships between the incidence of geriatric fractures in these patients and the season, weather phenomena (i.e., air temperature, atmospheric pressure, air humidity, wind speed, visibility, rain, snow, mist and storm) and global biometeorological data in the period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2013 were investigated. Patients with high velocity trauma or those with pathological fractures were excluded. Time (day/night), the place of injury (outdoor/indoor/home environment), comorbidities and chronicuse medication were also recorded. Weather forecast records with weather health loads (biotropic indices) were obtained from the commercial service Weather Underground and the Czech Hydrometeoro-logical Institute. The results were statistically analysed using the Statistika 12 programme. RESULTS The incidence of fractures was higher in winter months but there was no statistically significant correlation between the number of fractures and various weather characteristics (temperature, atmospheric pressure, air humidity, wind speed, visibility, rainfall, snow, mist or storm). On the other hand, a relationship between the incidence of geriatric fractures and the biometeorological data (biotropic index) for that day was significant (r = 0.65, p= 0.0401). The majority of fractures occurred during the daytime (83.7%) and in the indoor environment (83.1%); of the latter fractures, 85.2% were home injuries. The most frequent comorbidities included cardiovascular disease (36.2%), obesity (31.1%) and diabetes mellitus (25.4%). DISCUSSION Studies investigating seasonal patterns in relation to the incidence of geriatric fractures are contradictory. Sixteen previous studies have examined seasonal variations and the incidence of some types of geriatric fractures in different parts of the world. The majority of them have dealt with hip fractures, three with forearm injuries and one compared the incidence of hip, distal forearm, proximal humerus and ankle fractures in the four seasons of the year. Of 13 studies in geographic areas located north of 40°latitude, eight showed no seasonal variation in the incidence of fractures, four recorded an increase in the number of fractures in winter and two showed an increased number of fractures in summer. Three of them also studied the effect of daily temperature. Only one study paid attention to biometeorological data and related the biotropic index to the number of injuries treated at the emergency department. Three studies showed that fractures occurred most frequently in the home environment and during the daytime. CONCLUSIONS This study did not prove any statistically significant relationship between the incidence of geriatric fractures and different weather phenomena. Nevertheless, it showed a higher incidence of fractures in winter, from December to February. Most fractures occurred in indoor environments and during the day. A high value of the biotropic index was significantly related to the incidence of geriatric fractures. The most frequent comorbidities included cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes mellitus. Key words: geriatric fracture, season, weather, biometeorological forecast.