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Genetic and epigenetic effects in sex determination
Sezgin Ozgur Gunes1,2, Asli Metin Mahmutoglu1, Ashok Agarwal3
1Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
This review explores the genetic and epigenetic factors influencing human sex determination. It highlights the complex interplay of genes and environmental factors in developing ovaries or testes from bipotential gonads.
Area of Science:
- Developmental Biology
- Genetics
- Epigenetics
Background:
- Human sex determination is a complex process involving genetic and environmental factors.
- The bipotential embryonic gonad differentiates into ovaries or testes around the fifth week of fetal development.
- Despite advances, the precise functions of many genes, gene interactions, and epigenetic modifications in sex determination remain unclear.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current data on genetic effects influencing sex determination.
- To discuss epigenetic mechanisms involved in regulating sex determination.
- To provide an overview of the complex cascade of sex determination.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of genetic and epigenetic studies on sex determination.
- Analysis of gene-gene interactions and epigenetic modifications.
- Synthesis of current understanding of sex determination mechanisms.
Main Results:
- Sex determination involves intricate genetic pathways and environmental influences.
- Epigenetic modifications play a crucial role in regulating gene expression during gonad development.
- Numerous genes and their interactions contribute to the differentiation of gonads.
Conclusions:
- Understanding the genetic and epigenetic regulation of sex determination is essential.
- Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex mechanisms involved.
- This review consolidates current knowledge on genetic and epigenetic factors in sex determination.
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