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Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

16.5K
Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Overview of Cell Death01:30

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
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Methods to detect apoptotic cell death.

Gaspar Banfalvi1

  • 1Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen,, 4010, Hungary. gaspar.banfalvi@gmail.com.

Apoptosis : an International Journal on Programmed Cell Death
|December 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Understanding diverse cell death mechanisms requires robust detection methods. This study reviews assays for apoptosis, emphasizing criteria and limitations for accurate cell death assessment.

Keywords:
ClassificationDNA damageMechanismsMorphologyNew approaches

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The understanding of diverse cell death mechanisms has grown significantly.
  • Accurate detection of cell death is crucial for biological research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and classify various methods for detecting cell death, particularly apoptosis.
  • To highlight the importance of strict selection criteria for assay implementation.
  • To discuss the advantages and limitations of different detection techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established and emerging apoptosis detection assays.
  • Classification based on morphological criteria and apoptotic pathway markers.
  • Inclusion of methods assessing membrane alterations, DNA fragmentation, and mitochondrial damage.
  • Consideration of advanced techniques like light-scattering flow cytometry and time-lapse microscopy.

Main Results:

  • A comprehensive overview of apoptosis detection methods is presented.
  • Selection criteria for assays are emphasized to ensure accuracy.
  • Various techniques, including those detecting cytotoxicity, proliferation, and genotoxicity, are discussed.
  • Advantages and limitations of each method are detailed.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized selection criteria are essential for reliable cell death detection.
  • A variety of methods exist, each with specific applications and limitations.
  • Advanced techniques offer improved temporal and quantitative insights into apoptosis.