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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing
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Effects of olfactory training: a meta-analysis.

A Sorokowska1, E Drechsler1, M Karwowski2

  • 1Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.

Rhinology
|January 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smell training, a daily exposure to odors, significantly improves olfactory function, including smell identification and discrimination. This olfactory training offers a valuable addition or alternative to current treatments for smell disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Olfactory system neural plasticity suggests treatment potential through smell stimulation.
  • Smell training (daily odor exposure) has shown promise in prior studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To meta-analyze the overall treatment benefit of smell training on olfactory function.
  • To assess smell training effectiveness across identification, discrimination, and odor detection threshold.

Main Methods:

  • Meta-analysis of 13 previous studies on smell training.
  • Analysis of effects on smell identification, discrimination, and odor detection threshold (TDI score).

Main Results:

  • Significant positive effects of olfactory training on all tested olfactory abilities.
  • Large effects observed for smell identification, discrimination, and TDI score; small-to-moderate effects for odor detection threshold.
  • Training duration influenced effectiveness for identification and TDI score.

Conclusions:

  • Smell training is an effective addition or alternative to existing smell disorder treatments.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms of olfactory recovery.
  • Effectiveness may vary based on the origin of the smell disorder and training duration.