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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate02:55

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The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. This premise is the basis for a theory that explains many observations regarding chemical kinetics, including factors affecting reaction rates.
The collision theory is based on the postulates that (i) the reaction rate is proportional to the rate of reactant collisions, (ii) the reacting species collide in an orientation allowing contact between...
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Reaction Rate02:53

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The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
The mathematical representation of the change in the concentration of reactants and products, over time, is the rate...
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The Integrated Rate Law: The Dependence of Concentration on Time02:39

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While the differential rate law relates the rate and concentrations of reactants, a second form of rate law called the integrated rate law relates concentrations of reactants and time. Integrated rate laws can be used to determine the amount of reactant or product present after a period of time or to estimate the time required for a reaction to proceed to a certain extent. For example, an integrated rate law helps determine the length of time a radioactive material must be stored for its...
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The rate of a reaction is affected by the concentrations of reactants. Rate laws (differential rate laws) or rate equations are mathematical expressions describing the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants.
For example, in a generic reaction aA + bB ⟶ products, where a and b are stoichiometric coefficients, the rate law can be written as:
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Measuring Reaction Rates03:09

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Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...
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Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs. Each of the steps in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary reaction. These...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Modeling Fast-scan Cyclic Voltammetry Data from Electrically Stimulated Dopamine Neurotransmission Data Using QNsim1.0
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The Return of Rate Dependence.

Amanda J Quisenberry1, Sarah E Snider1, Warren K Bickel1

  • 1Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA.

Behavior Analysis (Washington, D.C.)
|January 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rate dependence, a key concept in behavioral pharmacology, is underutilized but offers valuable insights into drug effects and therapeutic responses. New statistical methods encourage researchers to re-evaluate this phenomenon for broader applications.

Keywords:
Oldhamrate dependenceregression to the meansources of variation

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Pharmacology
  • Psychopharmacology
  • Drug Action

Background:

  • Rate dependence, a phenomenon in behavioral pharmacology, has seen declining interest.
  • This decline is partly due to its perceived narrow application in preclinical drug studies and interpretation challenges from regression to the mean.
  • However, rate dependence remains a valuable concept for understanding drug effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the continued relevance and utility of rate dependence in behavioral pharmacology.
  • To encourage researchers to re-examine rate dependence with modern statistical approaches.
  • To promote the use of rate dependence for predicting therapeutic outcomes and identifying patient responders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the concept of rate dependence in behavioral pharmacology.
  • Discussion of statistical challenges and advancements in analyzing rate-dependent effects.
  • Emphasis on empirical study design for exploring rate dependence.

Main Results:

  • Rate dependence can be used to identify sources of variability in behavioral data.
  • It aids in predicting therapeutic outcomes and individual patient responses to drugs.
  • New statistical methods facilitate more accurate interpretation and application of rate dependence.

Conclusions:

  • Rate dependence is a crucial, albeit underappreciated, concept in behavioral pharmacology.
  • Researchers should leverage updated statistical methods to overcome past limitations.
  • Revisiting rate dependence can enhance drug development and personalized medicine.