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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that...

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

Published on: September 25, 2020

Cavity-enhanced eigenmode and angular hybrid multiplexing in holographic data storage systems.

Bo E Miller, Yuzuru Takashima

|January 7, 2017

Summary

Resonant optical cavities enhance holographic data storage systems (HDSS) by improving energy efficiency and enabling hybrid multiplexing. This approach increases storage density with minimal modifications to existing angular multiplexing techniques.

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Last Updated: Mar 9, 2026

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Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Information Storage
Materials Science

Background:

Resonant optical cavities improve energy efficiency in Holographic Data Storage Systems (HDSS).
Orthogonal reference beams as cavity eigenmodes offer a new multiplexing degree of freedom for 3D optical data storage.
Current HDSS often utilize angular multiplexing.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate hybrid multiplexing in HDSS by combining cavity-enhanced reference arms with orthogonal phase code multiplexing.
To evaluate the impact of this hybrid approach on storage density, write rates, and page crosstalk.
To assess the compatibility of this method with existing angular multiplexing HDSS.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a resonant optical cavity with orthogonal Hermite-Gaussian eigenmodes.
Multiplexing image-bearing holograms using orthogonal phase code multiplexing in a Fe:LiNbO3 medium.
Employing a 532 nm laser and two Bragg angles for hologram recording.
Experimentally measuring write rates and page crosstalk.

Main Results:

Achieved an average enhancement factor of 1.1 in write rates.
Observed approximately 2.5% page crosstalk.
Demonstrated the feasibility of hybrid multiplexing using cavity-enhanced reference beams and orthogonal phase codes.
Maintained the energy efficiency benefits of the cavity-enhanced reference arm.

Conclusions:

Hybrid multiplexing using resonant optical cavities and orthogonal phase codes offers a viable strategy to increase storage density in HDSS.
This method enhances write rates and maintains low page crosstalk.
The approach minimizes modifications required for current angular multiplexing HDSS, paving the way for practical implementation.