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When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Materials Science
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Graphene's unique electronic properties offer potential for advanced photonic devices.
    • Silicon photonics provides a robust platform for integrated optical circuits.
    • Integrating graphene with silicon photonics requires understanding their complex optical interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To experimentally characterize the complex optical conductivity of graphene on silicon photonic waveguides.
    • To demonstrate and quantify the electro-refractive effect of electrically gated graphene in silicon photonics.
    • To validate theoretical models for graphene-silicon photonic interfaces.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of silicon microring add/drop resonators with integrated graphene.
    • Experimental measurement of wavelength shift and transmission changes under electrical gating.
    • Comparison of results from Si gating and polymer-electrolyte gating schemes.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated a giant electro-refractive effect (>10^-3) in graphene-silicon waveguides, a first for this platform.
    • Observed significant changes in effective index and phase shift due to graphene's electrical modulation.
    • Achieved excellent agreement between experimental data and numerical calculations based on the Kubo model.

    Conclusions:

    • The study validates the Kubo model for graphene-silicon photonic interfaces.
    • The demonstrated large electro-refractive effect is crucial for future high-performance, low-consumption silicon photonics devices.
    • This work provides fundamental insights for designing and fabricating next-generation graphene-silicon photonic devices.