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Related Concept Videos

Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
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Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

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The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart...
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Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
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Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

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The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...
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Blood Flow01:29

Blood Flow

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Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

A Novel Ex Ovo Banding Technique to Alter Intracardiac Hemodynamics in an Embryonic Chicken System
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Blood flow patterns underlie developmental heart defects.

Madeline Midgett1, Kent Thornburg2, Sandra Rugonyi3,2

  • 1Biomedical Engineering, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; and.

American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
|January 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Altered embryonic blood flow significantly impacts heart development, leading to specific congenital heart defects. This study reveals a dose-response relationship between blood flow changes and cardiac malformations, suggesting a key role for hemodynamics.

Keywords:
chick embryocongenital heart defectshemodynamicsoutflow tract bandingvitelline vein ligation

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Embryology

Background:

  • Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are often linked to genetic factors, but the role of embryonic hemodynamics is less understood.
  • Early embryonic blood flow patterns are critical for normal cardiovascular development.
  • The precise relationship between altered embryonic blood flow and specific cardiac malformations requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the predictive value of anomalous embryonic blood flow patterns for cardiac defects.
  • To quantify the relationship between altered blood flow dynamics and the development of specific cardiovascular malformations.
  • To establish a dose-response correlation between hemodynamic stimuli and cardiac phenotypes in an embryonic model.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the chicken embryo model to experimentally alter embryonic blood flow.
  • Quantified the effects of restricted cardiac inflow and graded outflow constriction on heart development.
  • Observed and categorized resulting cardiac and vascular malformations, including ventricular septal defects and pharyngeal arch artery defects.

Main Results:

  • Reduced cardiac inflow and graded outflow constriction led to reproducible cardiac abnormalities.
  • Specific outflow constriction levels correlated with distinct defects: 10-35% constriction caused ventricular septal defects, while 35-60% caused double outlet right ventricle.
  • Vitelline vein ligation resulted predominantly in pharyngeal arch artery malformations, demonstrating the impact of altered hemodynamics on vascular development.

Conclusions:

  • Embryonic blood flow dynamics are a significant determinant of cardiac structure and function, influencing specific malformation types.
  • Hemodynamic-associated cardiac defects in this model recapitulate those seen in human genetic disorders.
  • Understanding embryonic blood flow is crucial for elucidating the root causes of congenital heart disease and developing future prevention and treatment strategies.