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Related Concept Videos

Voltmeter01:18

Voltmeter

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A voltmeter is an electrical device that measures the potential difference or voltage between two points. It is connected in parallel with the circuit element it is measuring. A parallel connection is used because elements in parallel experience the same potential difference. The voltmeter is represented by the symbol "V ".
An ideal voltmeter would have infinite resistance, so connecting it between two points in a circuit would not alter any of the currents. Real voltmeters always have...
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Voltammetry is an electroanalytical technique in which the current flowing through an electrochemical cell is measured as a function of applied potential, typically under conditions of concentration polarization. The technique provides valuable information about redox-active species, and the current response is plotted as a voltammogram.
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Polarography is a classical voltammetric technique used to analyze electrochemical reactions. This method applies a linear potential sweep to a dropping mercury electrode (DME), and the resulting current is measured. A dropping mercury electrode is commonly used as the working electrode in polarography. It consists of a capillary tube filled with mercury, where the tiny droplet forms at the tip. This droplet continuously drops from the capillary, creating a new electrode surface for each...
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Ammeter01:11

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An ammeter is a current measuring instrument. In the circuit, it is represented by the symbol A. The ammeter is placed in series with the device or component to measure the current. A series connection is used because objects in series have the same current passing through them. If a circuit has multiple resistors and the current needs to be measured in each resistor, the number of ammeters required depends on whether the circuit is in series or parallel.
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Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as...
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Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Identification and Quantification of Decomposition Mechanisms in Lithium-Ion Batteries; Input to Heat Flow Simulation for Modeling Thermal Runaway
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Lithiumeter: Version 2.0.

Gin S Malhi1,2,3, Samuel Gershon4,5, Tim Outhred1,2,3

  • 1Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.

Bipolar Disorders
|January 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The updated Lithiumeter 2.0 offers refined guidance for lithium therapy in bipolar disorder management. This practical tool incorporates recent research to optimize lithium levels and treatment strategies for clinicians.

Keywords:
bipolar depressionbipolar disorderclinical practicelithiummania

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The original Lithiumeter served as a practical guide for lithium level determination in bipolar disorder (BD).
  • Despite its utility, advancements in neuroscience and clinical research necessitate an update to lithium therapy guidance.
  • The previous version (1.0) requires refinement due to new understandings of lithium's role in BD management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To update the Lithiumeter based on recent clinical practice guidelines and research findings.
  • To provide clinicians with improved, practical guidance for optimizing lithium therapy in bipolar disorder.
  • To address evolving therapeutic strategies and risks associated with lithium treatment.

Main Methods:

  • A thorough review of literature on lithium indications, therapeutic levels, and associated risks was conducted.
  • Updated clinical practice guidelines published since 2011 were scrutinized.
  • Key changes and advancements relevant to lithium therapy were identified and integrated.

Main Results:

  • Updated guidelines have narrowed the recommended plasma lithium concentration for maintenance therapy.
  • The Lithiumeter 2.0 integrates updated clinical guidance for more comprehensive practical aspects of lithium therapy.
  • The updated version focuses on optimizing lithium levels, including differential titration based on mood state.

Conclusions:

  • Lithiumeter 2.0 is a valuable update for clinicians managing bipolar disorder.
  • It addresses practical challenges in lithium therapy and incorporates recent translational research.
  • Future updates will continue to refine guidance based on ongoing clinical and research developments.